Its pH-raising effect is similar to that of ground limestone. It is made by the separation of the molten steel from impurities while the steel is melted in a large furnace. Wang, and D.-C. A consecutive early rice-late rice rotation experiment was conducted to test the impacts of steel slag on soil pH, silicon availability, rice growth and metals-immobilization in paddy soil. Based on the testing data, an analytical model for predicting compressive strength of the CLSM from one to 56 days has been developed with high reliability [12]. In this study investigates utilizing of slag as an additional material to improve engineering properties of contaminated soil by crude oil to changing the engineering characteristics to be satisfying and compatible, this is due to its pozzolanic reactivity. Therefore, the aged waste steel slag would not rust over time and would not be reacted with water. The maximum dry density is determined by the vibration hammer method, and the minimum dry density is determined by the funnel and cylinder method. Commonly murrum soil has been used for construction of all categories of roads in our country. The overall trend lines of G-γ were upward with the increase of the relative density and confining pressure. The reason is maybe that steel slag is a porous material and sand is a crystal structure. The use of steel slag as fertilisers and soil nutrients is gaining importance across the globe as it represents an eco-friendly application wherein advantages of chemical properties of … It also contains phosphorous, calcium, ash, remnants of flux materials such as limestone, and remainders of chemical reactions between the metal and the furnace lining. Figure 10 showed that, with the increase of the confining pressure, the fitting curves of G/Gmax-γ moved upward and the fitting curves of λ-γ moved downward, but not obvious. 4) Adsorption, based on the fact that almost all heavy metal ions can be fixed and adsorbed by clay mineral (bentonite, zeolite, etc. The content of free calcium oxide was 3.2% and less than 5%, and the ignition loss was 7.8% and less than 8% [31], which showed that the waste steel slag could be applied in geotechnical backfill. Samples were prepared according to the standard for the soil test method. The relationship between the maximum dynamic shear modulus (Gmax) and different relative densities is shown in Figure 6 when the confining pressure was 200 kPa. In order to study the relationship between the relative density of steel slag and its dynamic shear characteristics, the resonant column tests of the steel slag samples with different relative densities were carried out. Almost half of it (500 000 t) is been reused, either within the steel mill or beyond. Assistant Professor, Dept. Owing to its high Si content, the use of slag as silicate fertilizer is gaining demand. The test sample size is 50 mm () × 100 mm (H). ), School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. Fitted curves between reference shear strain and confining pressure. Therefore, all of the normalized dynamic shear modulus under different relative densities could be gathered into one figure, which is shown in Figure 11. In our study we use electric arc furnace slag as coarse aggregate for pavement construction. The bulk density of the waste steel slag was approximately 2.2 g/cm3. With the increase of confining pressure, the maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag with different relative densities also increased. (3)The maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag had a good linear relationship with the relative density of the steel slag. On the contrary, the use of slag as a raw material for fertil- izer or soil amendment still remains relatively small—160 2)000 tons for blast furnace slag and 100 000 tons for steelmaking slag. The results indicated that the mechanical characteristics and the resistance factors were improved by adding steel slag to the crushed limestone. In the resonance column test, the main influence factors of the dynamic shear behavior of steel slag include relative density (Dr) and confining pressure (σ). The results showed that the linear fitting effect was perfect between the reference shear strain and confining pressure: Considering the influence of confining pressures and combing equations (3) and (5), the Hardin–Drnevich model of the steel slag dynamic properties was established. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Z. Wang, Y. G. Wu et al., “Experimental research and application of Yubei steel slag pile composite foundation,”, C. Yan, S. Y. Liu, and Y. F. Deng, “Experimental research for the application of mining waste in the trench cutting remixing deep wall method,”, M. Z. Hu, “The application of steel slag in Lou-Lian highway,”, W. Li, H. L. Wang, Li F. Li et al., “Mechanical property tests of mixed soil materials of waste steel slag and sand,”, L. Y. Wang, P. Gao, and G. X. Chen, “Experimental studies on the compressive deformation and strength characteristics of new mixed lightweight sand blended with waste steel slag,”, S. Shulin, J. Tang, and Q. H. Zheng, “Experimental study of expansive soil improved with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS),”, A. E. brahim and A. E.-M. Behiry, “Evaluation of steel slag and crushed limestone mixtures as subbase material in flexible pavement,”, Y. Laxmikant and R. K. Tripathi, “Effect of the length of geogrid layers in the bearing capacity ratio of geogrid reinforced granular fill-soft subgrade soil system,”, Y.-N. Sheen, L.-J. The comparison results when the confining pressure is, respectively, 100 kPa, 200 kPa, and 300 kPa are shown in Table 6. The steel slag with a water content of 6% is thought in a natural state. Huang, H.-Y. Sun, “Model of maximum dynamic shear modulus of sand under anisotropic consolidation and revision of Hardin’s formula,”, B. H. Wang, G. X. Chen, and Q. X. Hu, “Experiment of dynamic shear modulus and damping of Nanjing fine sand,”. Z. Liu, D. H. Zhu et al., “Experimental studies on dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio of recently deposited soils in Nanjing,”, G. Chen, Z. Zhou, T. Sun et al., “Shear modulus and damping ratio of sand–gravel mixtures over a wide strain range,”, X. To understand the shear resistance of the steel slag under dynamic loading, the maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag was compared with those of Nanjing fine sand and Fujian standard sand. The fitting results are listed in Figure 10 and in Table 4. LD steel slag as fertilizer in agriculture. Based on the dynamic shear modulus, damping ratio, and shear strain of the steel slag tested by the resonant column equipment, the regression analysis of the normalized dynamic shear modulus ratio (G/Gmax) and damping ratio was performed according to equations (3) and (4). Especially when the confining pressure reached 300 kPa, the maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag was in the numerical range of those of Fujian standard sand. • The crushing value of the steel slag aggregate is found to be 5.20%. • Steel slag cannot be used in confined applications such as in concrete, pipe or structure backfill due to the potential for expansion. A consecutive early rice-late rice rotation experiment was conducted to test the impacts of steel slag on soil pH, silicon availability, rice growth and metals-immobilization in paddy soil. Granulated slag for civil engineering works is used for purposes including coastal protection backfill, earth covering for correcting soft ground, road subgrade, and embankments. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China, Master Student (Ba. The reference shear strains under different confining pressure are listed in Table 5. In the sample test, the relative density of steel slag was selected for 30%, 50%, and 70%, respectively, because steel slag is applied as a kind of the shallow-layer backfill material. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. Electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) is a co-product of steel making process. Dynamic properties of steel slag improved with sand-tire shreds admixture had been studied [30]. Most of SS is landfilled, which represents a significant economic loss and a waste of valuable land space. The dynamic shear characteristics of the steel slag were initially studied by resonance column tests, and the following conclusions were obtained:(1)The dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag decreased with the increase of shear strain, and the damping ratio increased with the increase of shear strain. Addition of SS to the soil increased the dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content as well as increased the unconfined compressive strength. of Civil Engineering, Adama Science and Technology Univ., P.O. Steel slag offers considerable cost advantages over commercial limestone and has been successfully utilized as a substitute for limestone to neutralize soil acidity in agricultural soils in several countries. The largest amount of slag applied to county roads was in 2015-2017. The control density and the loading density of the test samples are also shown in Table 2. L. Y. Wang, B. T. Huang, and P. Gao, “A new geo-material consisting of industrial wastes and its preparation and application,” 2013, China, No. Dynamic Shear Properties of Recycled Waste Steel Slag Used as a Geo-Backfill Material, Professor (Ph D), School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. Therefore, the steel slag was classified as the well-graded material. The maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag was far greater than Nanjing fine sand no matter what the confining pressure was. The gradation characteristics of the steel slag are as follows: d60 = 1.0 mm, d30 = 0.47 mm, and d10 = 0.12 mm; the coefficient of uniformity (Cu) was 8.3, and the coefficient of curvature was 1.8 (Cc). The reason for this phenomenon was that the steel slag was in an elastic state when the shear strain was small and the dynamic energy loss was relatively smaller. Common components of slag include the oxides of silicon, aluminum, and magnesium, as well as sulfur, which is always present. Steel slag is a byproduct of iron and steel production by the metallurgical industries. The loading density (ρ) was calculated using the following equation:where represents the water content of steel slag. Wang, H.-L. Liu, P.-M. Jiang, and X.-X. This work evaluates the potential reuse of steel slag to improve the performance of landfill liners. Comparison of the maximum dynamic shear modulus of steel slag with traditional sands. With the increase of the relative density, the fitting curves of G/Gmax-γ moved upward, but also not obvious. Box 1888, Adama, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia. of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering Division, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India (corresponding author). The rest of waste, which The water content of steel slag is low, and the permeability of the steel slag is good. When the shear strain was small and in the range of 1 × 10−6 < γ < 1 × 10−5, the damping ratio of the steel slag increased with the increase of shear strain, but the increase in magnitude was small. Setting the foundation for that change, Iowa DNR issued a memo in 2006 stating steel slag could be used in several ways, including as an alternative to gravel, without the agency's approval. The specific test parameters are shown in Table 2. To understand the dynamic shear properties of waste steel slag, the resonance column tests were carried out to investigate the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of the steel slag considering the effect of the relative density of steel slag and confining pressure. Steel slag, used as soil acidity corrective material, increased the contents of Ca, Mg, P, and Si in the soybean leaves and Ca, Mg, and Si in maize and also provided increased shoot dry matter yield and grain yield of both cultures under no-tillage system; compared to limestone, steel slag was more effective in improving maize grain yield [ 27 ]. ), a steel slag, furnace slag, etc. The relationship between the reciprocal of the dynamic shear modulus (G−1) and the shear strain (γ) is linear according to the hyperbolic model of Hardin–Drnevich. Recycled study on industrial solid wastes in civil engineering has recently become a new trend in the world, and the application of the four kinds of industrial wastes in Britain in asphalt pavement was summed up including waste slag [1]. The dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag was far greater than Nanjing fine sand no matter what the confining pressure was and was similar to those of Fujian standard sand. The confining pressure and relative density had remarkable influence in a small strain range on the dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag. In the fitted hyperbolic model, the reference shear strain increased with the increase of confining pressure. Recently, many researches were carried out on dynamic shear properties of soils or soils mixed with other solid waste [16–22]. The geotechnical properties, shearing strength characteristics, and dynamic properties of stabilized soil have been studied. Y. Huang, R. N. Bird, and O. Heidrich, “A review of the use of recycled solid waste materials in asphalt pavements,”, W.-T. Tsai, “Analysis of the sustainability of reusing industrial wastes as energy source in the industrial sector of Taiwan,”, T. Huang, X. The optimum mix is found to be in the proportion of 65C+20SS+5L+10RHA. AIMS AND BACKGROUND In Serbia, only in manufacturing plants of the steel mill Smederevo, over 1 150 000 t of industrial waste generate each year. The G-γ curves of the steel slag accorded with hyperbolic characteristics. • Blast furnace slag may be used in concrete. SJCX17_0609). Wang, J. Li, and B.-h. Wang, “Displacement calculation method on front wall of covered sheet-pile wharf,”, Y. Chuancheng, C. Wenxia, and D. Haiyue, “Research on comparison of the maximum dynamic shear modulus test,”, L. Y. Wang, X. T. Cao, Q. Wang, and B. H. Wang, “Dynamic properties of steel slag improved with sand-tire shreds admixture,”. Therefore, the steel slag in a dense state would have better seismic shear resistance when the steel slag is applied into shallow foundation improvement. The relationship between the dynamic shear modulus and the shear strain was expressed as equation (3) [32], and the relationship between the damping ratio and the shear strain was expressed as equation (4):where , , and represent the dynamic shear strain, reference shear strain, maximum shear modulus, and maximum damping ratio, respectively. The overall variation tendency between the dynamic shear modulus and shear strain was basically the same under different relative densities and confining pressure. The content of Fe2O3 in the waste steel slag sample is very low. The instrument can be used to study the dynamic properties of unbroken samples in a small shear strain range of 10−6∼10−4. Blast furnace slag in the granulated form was applied as a granular fill overlay on soft subgrade soil [11]. Various percentages of pulverized steel The linear fitting equation is shown in equation (5). The basic requirements of using steel slag as a geotechnical engineering material are that the steel slag must be aged, the rate of powdering shall be lower than 5%, some proper grading shall be adopted, and the diameter of the largest particle shall be small than 5 mm. Samples were prepared according to Geotechnical Test Method Standard [3]. This paper presents the stabilization of expansive soil (C) with steel slag (SS), rice husk ash (RHA), and quick lime (L). Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. The greater the relative density of the steel slag is, the larger the dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag is, and the overall relationships between dynamic shear modulus and shear strain were upward with the increase of the relative density of the steel slag. Muscatine County officials estimate that approximately 350 lineal miles of county roads throughout the county have slag applied to their surface. We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. The large amount of Industrial wastes as increased year by year and disposal becomes a very serious problem. The dynamic shear modulus decreased with the increase of shear strain for all of the samples with different relative densities. When the shear strain of the steel slag increased, the stress wave resistance became larger and the energy consumption became large. Roads have been constructed inside the plant for heavy duty purposes exclusively with SMS slag. Steel slag pile was initially applied to composite foundation [3], which showed steel slag was superior to the traditional gravel pile foundation in technical, economic, and social benefits. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. The geotechnical properties, shearing strength characteristics, and dynamic properties of stabilized soil have been studied. The results showed that both chemical modification and mechanical reinforcement by adding fibers and slag are efficient methods to improve general properties of expansive clayey soil. This finding showed that the relative density had greater effect on the maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag with low confining pressure than with high confining pressure. This research was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant no. (2)The greater the relative density of the steel slag was, the larger the dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag was. Copyright © 2019 Liyan Wang et al. The stiffness of stabilized soil increases to 58–78% as compared to clay soil. The damping ratio at the confining pressure of 300 kPa and 30% relative density had a different tendency compared with others. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China. The comparison showed the steel slag had similar dynamic shear resistance to Fujian standard sand and had potential to become a substitute for sand in the practical geotechnical engineering in the future. The grain size distribution of the waste steel slag is shown in Figure 2. Therefore, the water content in the test sample was set as 6%. Bioremediation approaches assist in the removal of heavy metals in the soil. It showed that the reference shear strain could be improved by increasing the relative density and confining pressure. The comparison showed the steel slag had similar dynamic shear resistance to Fujian standard sand and had potential to become a substitute for sand in the practical geotechnical engineering in the future. The relationship between the control density and the relative density can be expressed as follows:where Dr, ρmax, ρmin, and ρd represent the relative density, the maximum dry density, the minimum dry density, and the control density, respectively. Steel slags are used as coarse aggregates in the pavement bases and subbase, providing relatively high binding strength, as well as high frictional and abrasion resistance. Waste steel slag is a recycled industrial solid waste and is sometimes used as backfills, but the dynamic shear properties of waste steel slag have not been researched at present. However, the shear strain increased beyond 1 × 10−5, the dynamic shear modulus decreased rapidly with the increase of shear strain, and the decrease magnitude was great. The maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag had a good linear relationship with the relative density of the steel slag. It is necessary to utilize the steel slag waste affectively with technical development in each field. The relationships between the damping ratio (λ) and the shear strain of the steel slag with different relative densities are shown in Figure 7 when the confining pressures were 100 kPa, 200 kPa, and 300 kPa, respectively. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China, 2Master Student (Ba. The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Waste steel slag is a recycled industrial solid waste and is sometimes used as backfills, but the dynamic shear properties of waste steel slag have not been researched at present. If waste steel slag could not be utilized effectively, it will result in a large number of dumping, the occupation of farmland, and pollution of the environment. The possible reason is that the water content of steel slag was high for loose steel slag with the relative density of 30%, and the pore water viscosity was greater than that of the pore water in dense steel slag under the dynamic loads especially when the shear strain was in the range of 10−5 and 10−4 for high confining pressure. The relationships between the dynamic shear modulus (G) and the shear strain (γ) of the steel slag with different relative densities are shown in Figure 5 when the confining pressures (σ) were, respectively, 100 kPa, 200 kPa, and 300 kPa. The fitted lines of G−1 and γ are shown in Figure 9, and the fitting parameters are shown in Table 3. For example, GZ1 was compared to GZ3; when the confining pressure was 100 kPa, Gmax increased from 108 MPa to 162 MPa and increased approximately by 50%; when the confining pressure was 300 kPa, Gmax increased from 235 MPa to 280 MPa and only increased by 19.5%. The shear modulus and damping ratio of a backfill material are two essential indexes for the seismic performance analysis and safety performance evaluation of backfill materials [23–29]. X. M. Yuan and J. The reference shear strain could be improved by increasing the relative density and confining pressure. The relative density of the steel slag had little effect on the damping ratio of the steel slag. The test sample and loading process in the resonant column apparatus are shown in Figure 4. Especially when the confining pressure reached 300 kPa, the maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag was in the numerical range of those of Fujian standard sand. SMS Slag has already been successfully used as road making aggregate in SAIL Steel Plants like BSP, BSL and RSP in place of stone chips. When the shear strain was small and in the range of 1 × 10−6 < γ < 1 × 10−5, the dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag decreased with the increase of the shear strain of the steel slag, but the magnitude of the decrease was small. The deformation and strength characteristics of lightweight soil mixed with waste steel slag and foamed plastics were studied by considering the influence of the steel slag mixing ratio and curing age [8]. There is a need to investigate the availability of silicon in sources which are potentially available for those where response to Si is also being demonstrated, dry weight. The permeability of steel slag and steel slag modifying silt soil as new geo-backfill materials was studied in detail [15]. 2019, Article ID 6410362, 11 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6410362, 1Professor (Ph D), School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. This Nowadays, the usage of waste materials for soil stabilization has become is an Open Access popular by considering environment and economy. As could be seen from Table 4, with the increase of the relative density and confining pressure, the maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag increased. The maximum dynamic shear modulus of the steel slag increased with the increase of the relative density of steel slag. The expansive soil by mixing the steel slag of 10%∼20% was studied, and some conclusions were achieved that the steel slag could significantly reduce the expansion rate, liquid limit, and plastic index of expansive soil, and that the steel slag of 10%∼20% could improve particle distribution and strength characteristics of expansive soil [9]. The pile of steel slag occupies a huge area of arable land, and causes environmental pollution; moreover, 7%-15% steel can be recycled from steel slag. On comparison, it is found to be a better material than both the stone aggregate and BF Slag. Some of the steel slag from ironworks and dredged soils from marine and waterfront engineering work are partially treated as waste. Mix is found to be in the soil test method porous material and sand a... Content, the larger the dynamic shear modulus of the waste steel can... And confining pressure of 300 kPa and 30 % relative density of 30 % relative density confining. 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